Winemaking can be divided into two general categories: still wine production (without carbonation) and sparkling wine production (with carbonation).
The science of wine and winemaking is known as oenology (in American English, enology).
More Loss:
The health effects of wine are the subject of considerable ongoing study. In the USA, a boom in red wine consumption was initiated . The French paradox refers to the lower incidence of coronary heart disease in France than in the USA despite high levels of saturated fat in the traditional French diet. Epidemiologists suspect that this difference is attributed to the high consumption of wines by the French, however this suspicion is based on limited scientific evidence.
A series of population studies have observed a J curve association between wine consumption and the risk of heart disease.This means that abstainers and heavy drinkers have an elevated risk, whilst moderate drinkers have a lower risk. Population studies have also found that moderate consumption of other alcoholic beverages may be cardioprotective, though the association is considerably stronger for wine. These studies have found a protective effect from both red wine as well as white wine, though evidence from laboratory studies suggests that red wine may posess superior health benefits.
A chemical called resveratrol is thought to be at least partly responsible for red wines' health benefits, as it has been shown to exert a range of both cardioprotective as well as chemoprotective mechanisms in animal studies.Resveratrol is produced naturally by grape skins in response to fungal infection, which includes exposure to yeast during fermentation. As white wine has minimal contact with grape skins during this process, it generally contains lower levels of resveratrol. Other beneficial compounds in wine include other polyphenols, antioxidants, and flavonoids.
Whilst evidence from both laboratory studies as well as
epidemiology suggests wines' cardioprotective effect, no evidence from controlled experiments - of which long-term studies are still ongoing - currently exists to determine the specific effect of wine or other alcohol on the risk of developing heart disease or stroke. Moreover, excessive consumption of alcohol including wine can cause some diseases including cirrhosis of the liver and alcoholism Also the American Heart Association cautions people "not to start drinking ... if they do not already drink alcohol. Consult your doctor on the benefits and risks of consuming alcohol in moderation"
LESS BENEFIT:
LONDON: Drinking up to half a glass of wine per day can help you live up to five years longer — at least for men, according to a study published Thursday.
The impact also depends on the exact amount drunk — more than half a glass starts bringing life expectancy down again, according to researchers from Wageningen University in the Netherlands, reports Reuters.
‘Drinking wine was strongly associated with a lower risk of dying from coronary heart disease, cerebrovascular disease, and death from all causes,’ said the study.
Effects varied, however: men who drink up to 20 grammes of any type of alcohol per day live for about two years longer than non-drinkers, while the length of time is slightly lesser for those drinking more than 20 grammes.
Those drinking only wine, and less than half a glass a day, lived some 2.5 years longer than those who drank beer and spirits, and almost five years longer than non-drinkers, said the study.
The study, published in the Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, was based on research on some 1,373 men between 1960 and 2000. It did not draw conclusions for women.
The researchers studied how much alcohol they drank and what type, in an attempt to assess the impact of their drinking habits on cardiovascular disease, cerebrovascular disease, and from all causes.
They also tracked weight and diet and whether the men smoked.
The results held true regardless of socio-economic status, diet or lifestyle, it found.
One finding which might seem surprising: the proportion of men drinking alcohol nearly doubled over the four decades, from 45 per cent in 1960 to 86 per cent in 2000.
The proportion of those drinking wine skyrocketed, from two per cent to 44 per cent over the period.
Thursday, 30 Apr, 2009 | 08:23 PM PST | http://www.dawn.com
In a nutshell
(according to the Muslim Beliefs)
Al-Baqara 2:219
They question thee about drink and games of chance. Say: In both is great sin, and (some) utility for men; but the sin of them is greater than their usefulness.
Translation by Pickthall
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